IPv4
IP Address
Used for global unique identification
IPv4 Address
For flexibility 32 bit address is divided into 4 chunks each of 8 bits so that readability increases.
IP address has 2 parts:-
NID ( Network ID )
Host ID (HID )
Classfull Address:-
(i) Identification of classes in decimal notation
(ii) Identification of a class in binary notation is done with the help of Network Identification Bit ( NIB)
(a) Network id : All the host bits are made '0' . It is address of the network to which host belongs to.
(b) Broadcast id : Used to broadcast any packet to all machines in the network. All host bits are made '1'.
(iii) Class A :
Number of network (n/w) bits = 7
Number of host bits = 24
Number of hots = 2 to the power24 - 2
Number of networks = 2 to the power7 - 2
Notes :-Having all zeros/all ones either in network id or host id is ruled out and they are meant for special purpose.
(iv) Class B :
Number of network (n/w) bits =14
Number of host bits =16
Number of hots = 65,536
Number of networks = 2 to the power14
(v) Class C :
Number of network (n/w) bits =21
Number of host bits =8
Number of hots = 2 to the power8 - 2
Number of networks = 2 to the power21
Special Purpose Addresses
(i) Loop back Address:
(a) To verify the TCP/IP protocol suite of own machine i.e used for self connectivity checking.
(b) It is also extensively used for inter-process communication .
(c) 127.X.X.X [ X ranges from 0 to 255]
But 127.0.0.0 and 127.255.255.255 not allowed.
(ii) Default Route : If a packet destination address is not known, then if the default route is present in the routing table of the router, then the packet is not discarded but forwarded to the next router.
0.0.0.0
(iii) Direct Broadcasting : Packet sent to all in remote network.
N.255.255.255
N.N.255.255
N.N.N.255
(iv) Limited Broadcasting : Packet has to be broadcasted within same network.
255.255.255.255
Private Address : This IP cannot be routed in the internet , but only in intranet range:
10.X.X.X
172.16.X.X. to 172.31.X.X
Limitations of Logical Addressing : No flexibility , No security, Not permanent to system.
Solution are : Supernetting ,Subnetting , Physical addressing system.
Rules to Deploy A Router :-
Rule 1 : All the interfaces of the router must belong to different networks.
Rule 2 : The LANs interconnected must belong to different networks.
Rule 3 : The Ethernet interface and the LAN must belong to the same network.
Rule 4 : The routers sharing a same link must belong to the same network.
IP DARAGRAM
It is best effort service.
It is a connection-less approach
IP datagram
Header Format :
At source , header length is divided by 4 and at destination multiplied by 4 . During fragmentation , constant scale factor '8' must be used ( fragments must be divisible by 8 except last segment).
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) : IP to MAC conversion Reverse ARP ( RARP) : MAC to IP conversion.
Used for global unique identification
For flexibility 32 bit address is divided into 4 chunks each of 8 bits so that readability increases.
IP address has 2 parts:-
NID ( Network ID )
Host ID (HID )
Classfull Address:-
(i) Identification of classes in decimal notation
(a) Network id : All the host bits are made '0' . It is address of the network to which host belongs to.
(b) Broadcast id : Used to broadcast any packet to all machines in the network. All host bits are made '1'.
(iii) Class A :
Number of network (n/w) bits = 7
Number of host bits = 24
Number of hots = 2 to the power24 - 2
Number of networks = 2 to the power7 - 2
Notes :-Having all zeros/all ones either in network id or host id is ruled out and they are meant for special purpose.
(iv) Class B :
Number of network (n/w) bits =14
Number of host bits =16
Number of hots = 65,536
Number of networks = 2 to the power14
(v) Class C :
Number of network (n/w) bits =21
Number of host bits =8
Number of hots = 2 to the power8 - 2
Number of networks = 2 to the power21
Special Purpose Addresses
(i) Loop back Address:
(a) To verify the TCP/IP protocol suite of own machine i.e used for self connectivity checking.
(b) It is also extensively used for inter-process communication .
(c) 127.X.X.X [ X ranges from 0 to 255]
But 127.0.0.0 and 127.255.255.255 not allowed.
(ii) Default Route : If a packet destination address is not known, then if the default route is present in the routing table of the router, then the packet is not discarded but forwarded to the next router.
0.0.0.0
(iii) Direct Broadcasting : Packet sent to all in remote network.
N.255.255.255
N.N.255.255
N.N.N.255
(iv) Limited Broadcasting : Packet has to be broadcasted within same network.
255.255.255.255
Private Address : This IP cannot be routed in the internet , but only in intranet range:
10.X.X.X
172.16.X.X. to 172.31.X.X
Limitations of Logical Addressing : No flexibility , No security, Not permanent to system.
Solution are : Supernetting ,Subnetting , Physical addressing system.
Rules to Deploy A Router :-
Rule 1 : All the interfaces of the router must belong to different networks.
Rule 2 : The LANs interconnected must belong to different networks.
Rule 3 : The Ethernet interface and the LAN must belong to the same network.
Rule 4 : The routers sharing a same link must belong to the same network.
IP DARAGRAM
It is best effort service.
It is a connection-less approach
IP datagram
Header Format :
At source , header length is divided by 4 and at destination multiplied by 4 . During fragmentation , constant scale factor '8' must be used ( fragments must be divisible by 8 except last segment).
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) : IP to MAC conversion Reverse ARP ( RARP) : MAC to IP conversion.
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